Research Article
Five-Year Retrospective Cohort Study of Hydrocephalus Incidence and Patient Outcomes in Yogyakarta
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 2, December 2025
Pages:
41-48
Received:
1 October 2025
Accepted:
14 October 2025
Published:
31 October 2025
Abstract: Hydrocephalus is characterized by abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) accumulation in the brain’s ventricles, which can lead to significant morbidity and mortality without timely intervention. This retrospective cohort study aimed to evaluate the incidence, survival outcomes, and risk factors associated with hydrocephalus among patients treated at Bethesda Hospital Yogyakarta over a five-year period. Medical records of 203 patients diagnosed with hydrocephalus between 2019 and 2024 were reviewed, and patient demographics, hydrocephalus type, treatment modality, and comorbidities—assessed using the Charlson Comorbidity Index—were analyzed. Survival outcomes were examined using Kaplan-Meier analysis, and hazard ratios (HR) were calculated via Cox regression. Most patients were aged ≥60 years (60%) and male (53.2%), with non-communicating hydrocephalus being the most common type (43.8%). Infants (<1 year) demonstrated the highest five-year survival rate (100%), while patients aged 41–59 had the lowest (57.1%; HR: 13.8, p = 0.018). Surgical treatment, predominantly ventriculoperitoneal shunting, significantly improved survival (74.0%) compared with conservative management (60.2%; HR: 1.649, p = 0.05). Among hydrocephalus types, ex-vacuo presented the best prognosis (100% survival), whereas non-communicating hydrocephalus had the poorest (63.7%; HR: 14.4, p = 0.016). Higher comorbidity scores were associated with worse outcomes, particularly in acquired cases. Overall, hydrocephalus outcomes varied significantly by age, type, comorbidities, and treatment approach, with surgical intervention offering a clear survival advantage and reinforcing its role as the primary management strategy. Early diagnosis and personalized treatment planning are crucial to improving long-term outcomes in hydrocephalus patients.
Abstract: Hydrocephalus is characterized by abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) accumulation in the brain’s ventricles, which can lead to significant morbidity and mortality without timely intervention. This retrospective cohort study aimed to evaluate the incidence, survival outcomes, and risk factors associated with hydrocephalus among patients treated at B...
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Review Article
A Narrative Review of Peripheral Blood Markers for Stroke Prognosis
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 2, December 2025
Pages:
49-59
Received:
8 December 2025
Accepted:
20 December 2025
Published:
31 December 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijn.20250902.12
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Abstract: With stroke becoming the main cause of global morbidity and mortality. The urgent demand for reliable biomarkers to enhance prognostic accuracy and guide individualized clinical decision-making has never been more pronounced. This unmet need is amplified by the disease’s heterogeneous etiologies and variable clinical trajectories, which often hinder timely risk stratification and targeted intervention for stroke patients. A growing body of research has delved into diverse categories of candidate biomarkers, encompassing inflammatory mediators, metabolic indicators, and blood cellular parameters and evaluated their potential in predicting short-term and long-term stroke outcomes such as functional independence, recurrence risk, and mortality. Through a narrative review of current literature, we have summarized key biomarkers such as C-reactive protein, interleukins, blood cells, lipid profiles, oxidative stress markers, microparticles and cell-free DNA, clarifying their associations with stroke pathophysiology and clinical endpoints. Simultaneously, we highlighted critical gaps and inconsistencies in existing studies, such as limited validation in multiethnic and underrepresented patient cohorts. Furthermore, we have discussed the practical clinical applications and inherent challenges of translating these biomarkers into real-world settings. Finally, we have proposed future research directions, emphasizing the development of standardized protocols, validation in large-scale prospective cohorts, and exploration of multiple biomarkers to address unmet clinical needs in stroke management.
Abstract: With stroke becoming the main cause of global morbidity and mortality. The urgent demand for reliable biomarkers to enhance prognostic accuracy and guide individualized clinical decision-making has never been more pronounced. This unmet need is amplified by the disease’s heterogeneous etiologies and variable clinical trajectories, which often hinde...
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Nunki Puspita Utomo
